What was life like in West Texas in the 1930s and 1940s? That is a question most of you have asked your parents and grandparents over the years. Chances are the answers you received from them regarding their experiences in the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl and World War II were less bleak and austere as you were led to believe from books and movies about those periods.
Believe me, life for all West Texans was as bleak and austere as portrayed in the books and movies. Those were hard times and people suffered. I think older folks downplay those times is a concious effort to forget ... to forget the times their family had to go to bed hungry or sick or with faint hope for a secure tomorrow. I was a kid through those years so life for me was "normal" because everyone I knew was in the same boat. It was not a question of "haves and have nots"; for the most part we were all "have nots." For the older folks, I think there is a bit of unwarranted guilt at not being able to think of some way to ease the hardships ... and I think there was also a bit of deepseated shame at some of the humiliations they had to endure in trying to get a job, a loan, or just some assistance. The pain worked its way into men's souls.
The Great Depression is something younger folks cannot comprehend. By 1930 most of the banks in West Texas had failed (closed their doors, shut down, deposits lost) and the Money Supply you discussed in macroeconomics dried up. Businesses unable to get credit failed, workers were laid off, disposable cash disappeared, prices of all farm products hit the bottom. Subsistance and barter became the new economy. Crop failures added to the burden.
Two terms you have probably heard in descriptions of individual families during those years: "They didn't have anything" and "They didn't have nothin'." There was a fine distinction. Those that didn't have anything were broke ... but lived on a farm with a garden, hens, cows and chickens. Those who didn't have nothin' were broke and had no place for a garden, hens, cows and chickens. And the anything family could become a nothin' family with just a single stroke of misfortune.
So what was life like? Subsistance. Industrial and commercial innovation stopped in 1930 and for the most part we returned to a lifestyle of the 20s. Rural Texas did not have electricity until 1948 thus no indoor plumbing and we continued with outhouses, cisterns and windmills and kerosene lamps. Pharmaceuticals did not emerge until after WWII in 1946 so we relied on home remedies and some chemicals that could be mixed at the drug store. Food product selection in grocery stores at the time probably did not exceed 150 items where today the average grocery store will stock 6-10,000 line items.
I have described kitchens, cooking and heating in earlier articles and that was about the same until after WWII. But there were other differences from modern living. Most notable looking back was the lack of color, decor, fashion, or even nik-naks in the homes. Those were frivolities no one considered. Since older homes did not have built-in closets most had pieces called Chifferobes or Wardrobes for hanging clothing and Cedar Chests for storing mainly woolen goods. Some bedrooms had dressers and maybe even a chest of drawers. The floors were covered with Linoleum and in most cases bare wood with throw rugs. Living rooms usually had what we now call a couch but in those days called a Davenport or a Divan ... and always at least one rocking chair.
Clothing was sparse in those days. Kids had school clothes but had to get out those and into "everyday clothes" as soon as they got home. Adults had one set of "Sunday-go-to-meeting" clothes for church and funerals and the rest of time in everyday clothes. Kid's shirts and underwear and girl's dresses were usually home made. "Store-bought" or ready-made were for grownups. Farmers and men who worked outside wore "Longhandle Underwear" that fit from the wrist to the neck to the ankles from about October to April (red ones were called "Red Handles."
Women and girls wore Bonnets (Sun Bonnets or Poke Bonnets) any time when working outside along with long sleeve shirts and long pants (females did not allow sun to touch skin.) Everyone hated new shoes ... they were made of stiff leather and took drastic action to break in (such as filling with water or rubbing alcohol and wearing until they dried in the shape and width of the foot.) For work boots or cowboy boots the method sometime used to stretch the foot part was to fill it with dry red beans and water and to let the sprouting beans swell and stretch the leather.
A "Suit-of-clothes" was the most important event in a young man's life in those days. It happened at about age 18 when the parents took the kid to town to buy him his first suit, shirt and tie. That was the mark of adulthood ... and a ritual my father took pride in with his sons into the 50s and 60s. I followed the same ritual with my sons and grandson on their 18th birthday even though they had worn suits and sport suits for years. A suit of clothes meant so much? ... who would have thought it?
Automobiles in the 30s and 40s were interesting primarily because of the changing terminology between then and now. First, I suppose would be the accelerator ... then it was called the "Foot Feed." The parking brake was called the "Emergency Brake." The dash or dashboard has a more interesting history. This term was stolen from a buggy and it was a board on the front of a buggy that protected the occupants from flying mud, rocks and other objectionable material from the dashing horse. It was borrowed for horseless carriages for the same purpose when engines were in the rear but worked its way upward when engines moved to the front ... and finally became known as the part that holds the instrument cluster, speakers and glove compartment (?). On the dash in the 30s and 40s were two knobs for the Choke and Throttle which manually controlled the carureator before automatic controls came along. In the 20s automobiles did not have a storage space inside for tools and luggage so they mounted a small steamer trunk in front of the rear bumber. In the 30s a small compartment was built in to the rear of cars for tools and spares. This compartment was called the "Turtle" or "Turtleback." In the 40s this compartment was enlarged to hold some luggage ... and the name reverted to "Trunk."
The first after-market item added to cars in the 30s and 40s was a "Steering Wheel Knob." The reason was before power steering the steering gear box was geared very low to give leverage to turn the wheels. Those cars required two or three revolutions of the steering wheel to turn the same amount as a half turn of a power steering wheel. In those cars we also devised an early means of conserving gasoline ... it was called "Coasting." The driver would push down on the Foot Feed going up a hill then let off the gas to Idle and Coast down the other side.
Tires and wheels in the 30s and 40s deserve special attention. First, in those days a built up wheel consisted of a "Rim", an "Inner Tube" and a "Casing." Today the Rim is called a wheel and the Casing is now a tubeless tire.
Those early tires had a cotton cord for some strength but nylon belts and steel belts would be well after WWII. Those thin early tires would not stand up to mesquite thorns or even sharp rocks so everyone traveled with a tube patching kit and frequently had to fix flats along the roadway. This problem became acute during WWII because rubber was in short supply, tires were rationed and hard to come by, and tubes were made of a synthetic material inferior to rubber. Many sharp, sporty cars were traded for other klunkers that had the good feature of having a good set of tires.
Another interesting subject is what we ate during the Depression. Folks living on farms ate pretty well from home grown animals and garden produce. And they enlarged their gardens to accommodate friends and relatives from town. Blackeyed Peas which were easy to grow became a staple of most West Texas households. Turnips and greens were common and we supplement with wild plants that had fed the pioneers in the area. Poke Salet and Lambsquarters were sought out in the pastures, young jackrabbits, mustang grapes, algerita berries, wild plums filled in for variety. This continued until after WWII. During those times, most farm families like ours, had "guest" relatives, either passing through looking for work or just dropping in for Sunday dinner because we could always make room and the table was never bare.
The Depression did not end in West Texas until WWII began in 1941. Capital was slow working its way into rural areas and the need was so great after 10 years of Depression and drought that recovery was slow. One indication was in the automobiles people drove. Auto production was stopped for the war in 1942 and for the most part, whatever car you were driving when WWII broke out had to last you until after the war was over ... and this included the tires. And since the introduction and production of household items was curtailed, virtually no improvements to lifestyles could occur.
The WWII years from December 1941 to the end of 1945 consumed our lives ... unlike wars since that time. All single men between 18 and 40 were gone from our communities. I had eight first cousins serving somewhere in the world. The word of casualty notices spread throughout the county in a matter of hours. A girl in my class was called from the classroom and told her father had been killed in France. Grief from what we were aware of and what we feared for friends and relatives was pervasive.
We did not complain about rationing of sugar, tires, gasoline and meat. We took pride in living within our Ration Stamp allotments. Every week my mother took her can of bacon and other fat drippings to the Piggly Wiggly store in Sweetwater for the collection of such for glycerine to make bombs amd bullets. Women cleaned out their cupboards of aluminum pans and utensils in metal drives to make airplanes. Farmers sorted through machinery for items that could be turned in to scrap iron drives to build tanks and other war machinery. Junk cars were dragged from pastures and anything else metal and movable was turned in. Kids bought Savings Stamps (10 cents) with allowances and parents bought War Bonds if they could afford them. Travel by train or bus was virtually impossible because soldiers and sailors had priority. Everyone sacrificed and there was no complaint. When Victory in Europe (VE Day) and Victory in Japan (VJ Day) were declared, each of us felt we shared in those victories.
Crops were good and prices for farm products were good during the War years so for us the Depression was over. Automobiles began coming off the assembly lines in late 1946 and folks who could afford a $1000 premium to purchase a new car got one. Other buyers were on waiting lists. We made our way to top of the list in late 1948 and finally were able to replace the old 1937 Chevrolet that had carried us through the end of the Depression and through WWII.
Those were interesting times to have survived, and I hope none of you ever have to share a like experience.
[This message has been edited by fossil_ag (edited 9/2/2006 12:35a).]