First, the treadmill is one of those impossible scenereos. With the skateboard/treadmill/rope example, any movement towards the front of the treadmill will result in an increase in speed of said treadmill. If the wheels are frictionless, then any rearward motion against them is moot. Infinite motion backwards by the treadmill is negated by infinite forward motion by the wheels resulting in 0 forward motion in relation to the ground.
With the engines taken into the equasion, you are now looking at the planes movement in relation to the air. Just like the rope/skateboard/treadmill example; the plane will move forward.
If the jet was on a treadmill in an air tunnel, where the treadmill negated the forward motion in relation to the ground and the wind tunnel negated any forward motion in relation to the air, the plane wouldn't go anywhere. Absent the air tunnel, the plane flies.
With friction being 0 and engine thrust being infinite, the only constant is the quantity (density) of air. The engines must still propel the plane forward in relation to the ground. As more air is sucked into the engine while it is stationairy, a bigger vacuum is created in front of the plane and there are less "air atoms" with which to create thrust. At some point nearing infinite mph, there won't be any air in front of the engine with which to create additional thrust and the plane won't fly.
The air in the given atmosphere would have to either rush around the globe to the front of the engine again (at ever increasing speed), or flow backwards over and under the wing, thus negating any lift.
In the end, constant air pressure, constant temperature, zero friction, zero top limits of speed, etc. become an impossible scenerio (sp) that isn't worth wasting time or thought over.
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