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Actually Jew comes from Judah, the eldest son of Jacob. And just as then, so today, there are black Jews. In fact, it was a major IDF operation to bring African Jews from Ethiopia to Israel. You see them today in the IDF and the Border Police as well as everyday life in business and commerce.
Of course Jew comes from Judah, but they weren't Jews in the past. They were Israel, and Hebrews. They became "Jews" when Israel split into Israel and Judah, and the tribes who were a part of the kingdom of Judah were Judaeans.
This history doesn't begin in the twentieth century.
When Israel was formed, it was not just the family of Jacob. It also included people from other tribes and nations - Midianites, Canaanites, Egyptians, and Libyans. The point wasn't to say "black people can be Jewish" the point was that Israel - the Israel of God - was never about blood. Being a child of Abraham was never about blood. It is about what you did. The Lord says as much.
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If you check those scriptural verses I quoted above, you see God promising to bring them "back" from the lands where they have been exiled and scattered. That sounds a lot more like people who have been banished and forced to leave their homeland than it does a universal church.
Israel in the prophets is about the northern kingdom. For example, in Isaiah 11, "He will gather the exiles of Israel" specifically is talking about the diaspora that happened when Israel was depopulated by the Assyrians in 2 Kings 17. That's why it says "the remnant of his people who remain from Assyria". Likewise Ezekiel 20 - "gather you out of the countries which you are scattered" is talking about restoring the lost tribes scattered by the Assyrians - "there all the house of Israel, all of them" is the key. ALL of Israel means all the tribes, which by the time of St Paul's writing had been gone for centuries. They were not Jews in diaspora, they were Israel tribes that had been destroyed, dead. That's what the prophecy of the dry bones is about - " these bones are the whole house of Israel" - the whole house, ALL the tribes. They were dead and gone.
And again in Ezekiel 37, the Lord explains it "I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel associated with him, and I will put them together with the stick of Judah. I will make them into a single stick, and they will become one in My hand." Meaning the northern tribes will be restored to Judah. And he goes on "I will take the Israelites out of the nations to which they have gone, and I will gather them from all around and bring them into their own land."
This is NOT about Jews being Jews scattered after the Roman conquest. Those are all Judaeans, they are all Jews. It is about the tribes of Israel of the Northern Kingdom being lost to the point that they had become gentiles. Ezekiel 37 cannot be about Judaea, because it is explicitly about Ephraim, not Judah.
St Paul teaches that the gentiles coming from the nations to faith in Christ, in Yawheh, ARE these lost tribes. That's why he says "Israel failed to obtain what it was seeking". Not the Judaeans. St Paul always makes a distinction between the Judaeans, Israel, and All Israel. The lost tribes are the branches broken off. The gentiles coming in are grafted in, "and in this way all Israel will be saved."
Jeremiah 29 is about the Judaean exile in Persia and their subsequent return. That already happened.
