Jews never dominated the land.
A group of tribes that formed the nation of Israel moved in perhaps around 1400 BC. There was no central government here. Many of the tribes immediately apostatized from the religion of Moses. They took a king around 1000 BC which lasted a very short time before they split into two kingdoms - Israel and Judah around 930 BC. The northern kingdom immediately apostatized. They waged war on Judah, and after a short time they were destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 BC.
Judah lasted a little bit longer, but was conquered by the Babylonians in 586 BC. Later they were allowed to return, but were part of the Persian empire. Persia was conquered by the Greeks (Alexander) and then they became under Seleucid (Greek) rule. They revolted in 168, got their independence fully in 141 BC, before being annexed by the Romans in 64 BC by Pompey the Great. The people in the bible referred to as "Jews" are these people - the people who lived in Judaea, which used to be Judah. This area is roughly from Jerusalem down to Be'er Shava, and does not include the coastal area (which we call Gaza now). If you want the Jewish kingdom, that would be Judah, and it is much smaller than Israel is today.
It remained under the Romans until 636 AD, when it was conquered by the Muslims. So it was Christian from around 330 AD - call it 300 years.
But for the majority of history this area was pagan, either under the pre-conquest Canaanites, or under the Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, or Romans. It was only "Jewish" for an extremely short period in history, around 400 years. It was Roman for 700 years, and Christian Roman for about 300 of that. It has been Muslim for around 1300 years, with a couple of interruptions. Jewish again for less than a century.
