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The person of a Jewish mother who converts to Christianity - say Israel Zolli, former chief rabbi of Rome - was …. a Christian. Not a Jew - although Zolli was once among the most prominent Jews in the world, from a long line of rabbis. And again, Oswald Rufeisen (what a case that was), or in our time, Brother Nathaniel …. Jewish by ancestry, yet "not a Jew."
So what's happening?
I'm not an expert in these kinds of questions, so I'll refer you
to chabad.orgOnce a Jew, always a Jew. In the sense that if an apostate Jew ever decides to return to Judaism, he's formally treated as if he were a Jew all along, and doesn't have to go through a formal conversion process.
An interesting case is
Csanad Szegedi, a Hungarian politician who was antisemitic -- until he learned that he was a Jew. After a period of denial, he decided to go be Jewish. Started attending a synagogue, and learned Hebrew, and how to keep kosher, Shabbat, etc.
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IMO your answer is a definition, but a weak one. The best definition, given such facts, is negative - Jesus is not the Messiah.
Why is this a better definition than, for example, "Muhammad was not a prophet"?
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"…or who has converted to Judaism."
What is the content? What exactly does this entail? A baptized Christian who does so convert affirms what, explicitly?
The big thing is acceptance of the 613 Commandments of the Torah in front of a
beth din (Rabbinical court). The process of conversion requires a lot of study, and at minimum one year, since you have to learn how to observe all the holidays.
And of course, male converts have to get circumcised.
It's important to note that, unlike Christianity or Islam, Jews traditionally don't actively seek converts. Because there's nothing in the Torah that says that
everyone needs to be a Jew. Non-Jews are expected to adhere
to a basic moral code, but are not held to Jewish-specific laws like Shabbat observance.
Basically, the attitude towards potential converts is "Are you
sure you want all this extra responsibility? You don't
have to be Jewish to connect to God. But if you're
really determined to be a Jew, we'll consider it."