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God used Nebuchadnezzar, but it doesn't mean we endorse what Nebuchadnezzar did. Rome may have had the "right" to execute people, but that doesn't mean Roman executions were just and should be supported by followers of the nonviolent Christ.
That's a false analogy. God established civil government for a good - civil order, including the laws and use of capital punishment. Do you disagree that he did that? He never established the sins of Nebuchadnezzar.
To make the analogy would call into question anything God establishes as a good. It would make man the judge of God.
You seem to be confusing the role of the state and the role of Christ's followers. Sure, if you want to believe the state has the God-given right to execute citizens, go right ahead. My concern is for the way Christ taught His followers to live. As w/ the adulterous woman, Christ didn't dispute their legal right to execute the woman. What He did address though was them as individuals. Let he without sin cast the first stone. I'm not without sin, so I won't cast the first stone. I'm not without sin, so I won't advocate others cast that first stone on my behalf. The powers of this world are going to do what they will, but as I've said already, we aren't called to be like the powers of the world. We are called to be a witness to the nonviolent Christ. I cannot do that while also championing the destruction of those that bear His image, no matter how "just" man thinks it is.
Are there any early church leaders who defended Christian support of capital punishment prior to Constantine?