According to Leviticus 23, there are 8 festivals or in Hebrew moedim.
1. Shabbat / Sabbath
2. Pesach / Passover
3. Chag HaMatzot / Feast of Unleavened Bread - While Temple standing go to Temple and make offering
4. Rei**** Katzir / First Fruits
5. Shavuot / Pentecost - While Temple standing go to Temple and make offering
6. Yom Teruah / Rosh Hashana / Day of Judgment
7. Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement
8. Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles or Booths - While Temple standing go to Temple and make offering
Numbers 28 - 29 speaks of the offerings giving during the moedim.
Leviticus 23:2 - Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, Concerning the feasts (moed - Appointments) of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, (miqra - a time of assembly / Dress Rehearsals) even these are my feasts (moedim).
The first 4 feasts were fulfilled by Mashiach Ben Yosef.
The last 3 feasts will be fulfilled by Mashiach Ben David. Note that both are the same Mashiach/Messiah.
The feasts are a shadow of what is to come - Colossians 2:16-17 - a. Therefore no one is to act as your judge in regard to food or drink or in respect to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath day things which are a shadow of what is to come; but the substance belongs to Messiah.
For 1500 years the Israelites had a dress rehearsal for Pesach. Yeshua came and was the Pesach offering. He was the unleavened bread (without sin - for leaven is equated with sin), etc.
The dress rehearsals still continue for everything in Judaism is circular. Was there multiple fulfillments of Pesach? Unleavened bread? etc? Yes.
Most know about the Spring or first 4 festivals so I will concentrate on the fall or last 3 festivals.
ROSH HASHANA OR YOM TERUAH
Rosh Hashana or Yom Teruah means a day of blowing. The shofar is blown 100 times in a set pattern of 3 different sounds. The 100th blast is know as the LAST TRUMP.
Lev 23:24 Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, an holy convocation (Dress Rehearsal).
The Hebrew word for "blowing of trumpets" is "Teruah" from Strongs #8643 a battle-cry; especially a clangor of trumpets, as an alarm.
Also called Time of Jacob's Trouble aka Great Tribulation
Jer 30:6,7 Ask ye now, and see whether a man doth travail with child? wherefore do I see every man with his hands on his loins, as a woman in travail, and all faces are turned into paleness? Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble;
Zeph 1:14-16 The great day of the LORD is near, it is near, and hasteth greatly, even the voice of the day of the LORD: the mighty man shall cry there bitterly. That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of wasteness and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, A day of the trumpet and alarm against the fenced cities, and against the high towers.
Also called Day of the Awakening Blast
Isa 26:19 Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out the dead.
1Thess 4:16,17 For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Mashiach shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. (Referring to Psalm 47)
Psalm 47:5 God is gone up with a shout, the LORD with the sound of a trumpet. The Hebrew word for shout here is "Teruah"! And the word trumpet is "Shofar". This is not a manmade trumpet or it's sound. Ps 89:15 Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound, Here the Hebrew word for "sound" is also "Teruah" which is why we want to hear and be able to know and discern the sound of the Shofar on Yom Teruah! From these verses we see the tribulation will start on the Feast of Trumpets and the resurrection of the dead will also occur on this Feast Day but whether they happen the same year we have no idea
It is taught in Judaism that it is on this day the Heavenly Court is in session every year. This begins what is known as the "10 Days of Awe" until Yom Kippur when the final judgment is meted out. God opens the books and reads the account of every individual for the previous year and they have 10 days to repent before their sentence is announced and the books are closed on Yom Kippur.
Dan 7:10,11 A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame.
Dan 12:1-2 And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people: and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time: and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
Other Names:
HaMelech Coronation of the Messiah
Yom HaKeseh the hidden day
Zeph 2:3 Seek ye the LORD, all ye meek of the earth, which have wrought his judgment; seek righteousness, seek meekness: it may be ye shall be hid in the day of the LORD'S anger.
Ps 27:5 For in the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion: in the secret of his tabernacle shall he hide me; he shall set me up upon a rock.
The kiddushin/Nesuin Wedding of Messiah
Joel 2:15-16 Blow the trumpet in Zion, sanctify a fast, call a solemn assembly: Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet.
The Feast of Unleavened Bread falls on the 15th of the month of Nisan, so it's always at the full Moon, in the middle of the lunar cycle. The Feast of Tabernacles is on the 15th in the middle of the month of Tishri, at a full moon. It's easy to find the 15th by counting from the 1st. Because everyone was to celebrate the Feast of Trumpets and it always fell on the 1st day of the lunar month, based on the sighting of the new moon, it was known as the Feast where no one ever "knew the day or the hour" it would come. The Jews in Babylon and elsewhere were to keep it as well but it would take a day to get them the news so it was always kept for 2 days and was known as "one long day ". It was to be a day symbolically hid from Satan so even he would not be sure of its arrival!
YOM KIPPUR
Lev 23:26, 27 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD.
The word atonement comes from the Hebrew word Kaphar which means to cover. Think in terms of a credit card which covers the expense you've incurred until the real payment can be made.
Jn 1:29 The next day John seeth Yeshua coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. Hallelujah, no longer covered but also taken away! This is because:
Heb 10:4 For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins.
The Day of Atonement was a gracious day each year when all Israelites could experience a new beginning! This Day foreshadows God's plan for the final disposition of sin and the creation of a new earth where righteousness dwells.
2Pe 3:13 Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.
Let's compare the Yom Kippur service as we find in Leviticus with the book of Revelations and see if we can find any comparisons. We'll look prophetically at what this Awesome, Holiest Day of the year is all about!!
Lev 16:3-6 Thus shall Aaron come into the holy place: with a young bullock for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering. He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these are holy garments; therefore shall he wash his flesh in water, and so put them on. And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make an atonement for himself, and for his house.
Leviticus 16:33?. And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.
What we discover is, this was the day when the Nation of Israel was to be atoned for. The High Priest would take off the royal garments and only have on white linen garments which speaks of righteousness. Imagine having a white linen garment on and you are slaughtering sacrifices!
Revelations 11:18,19 And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth. And the temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen in his temple the ark of his testament: and there were lightnings, and voices, and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail.
Also let's make a connection with:
Ps 141:2 Let my prayer be set forth before thee as incense; and the lifting up of my hands as the evening sacrifice.
Lev 16:12-15 And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the vail: And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is upon the testimony, that he die not: And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward; and before the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times. Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the vail, and do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat:
Rev 8:3-6 And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand. And the angel took the censer, and filled it with fire of the altar, and cast it into the earth: and there were voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake. And the seven angels which had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound.
Here in Revelations we see a Divine Appointment happening and it is the Yom Kippur service! This event will happen some year on Yom Kippur!
Rev 6:9-11 And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellow servants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled.
We see from Isaiah the Prophecy concerning this:
Is 63:1-4 Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to save. Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him that treadeth in the winefat? I have trodden the winepress alone; and of the people there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment. For the day of vengeance is in mine heart, and the year of my redeemed is come.
Rev 19:2,13-15 For true and righteous are his judgments: for he hath judged the great *****, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand. And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean. And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God.
Lev 16:16,17 And he shall make an atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their sins: and so shall he do for the tabernacle of the congregation, that remaineth among them in the midst of their uncleanness. And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy place, until he come out, and have made an atonement for himself, and for his household, and for all the congregation of Israel.
Compare this to Revelations:
Rev 15:8 And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from his power; and no man was able to enter into the temple, till the seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled.
Prophetically on this day Israel as a nation will realize Yeshua is their Messiah! This day was the only day the High Priest could speak to God "face to Face".
We see this prophecy fulfilled in Ezekiel:
Ez 20:35-38 And I will bring you into the wilderness of the people, and there will I plead with you face to face. Like as I pleaded with your fathers in the wilderness of the land of Egypt, so will I plead with you, saith the Lord GOD And I will cause you to pass under the rod, and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant: And I will purge out from among you the rebels, and them that transgress against me: I will bring them forth out of the country where they sojourn, and they shall not enter into the land of Israel: and ye shall know that I am the LORD.
Zeph 12:10 And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn.
The Lord will not return until Judah repents!!
This verse prophetically speaks of Yeshua's first and second comings:
Hosea 5:14,15 For I will be unto Ephraim as a lion, and as a young lion to the house of Judah: I, even I, will tear and go away; I will take away, and none shall rescue him. I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their offence, and seek my face: in their affliction they will seek me early.
Then Israel will say:
Hosea 6: 1-3 Come, and let us return unto the LORD: for he hath torn, and he will heal us; he hath smitten, and he will bind us up. After two days will he revive us (After 2,000 yrs. they became a nation again): in the third day he will raise us up, and we shall live in his sight. (The 1,000 yr. millennial reign) Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the LORD: his going forth is prepared as the morning; and he shall come unto us as the rain, as the latter and former rain unto the earth.
Look what Peter declared after Yeshua had been sent by the Father, died, rose again and returned to His place:
Acts 3:17-21 And now, brethren, I know that through ignorance ye did it, as did also your rulers. But those things, which God before had showed by the mouth of all his prophets, that Mashiach should suffer, he hath so fulfilled. Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord; And he shall send Yeshua Mashiach, which before was preached unto you: Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began.
The Lord is waiting for Judah to repent! If you want the Lord to return, pray for the redemption of Israel!
Rom 11:11,12,15 I say then, Have they stumbled that they should fall? God forbid: but rather through their fall salvation is come unto the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy. Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fullness? For if the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world, what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead?
The resurrection of the dead won't take place until then!!
The first time Israel came to their brother Joseph in Egypt they didn't recognize him. It wasn't until Judah repented that Joseph revealed himself!
Gen 44:18,33,34 Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, and let not thine anger burn against thy servant: Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead of the lad a bondman to my lord; and let the lad go up with his brethren. For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not with me? lest peradventure I see the evil that shall come on my father.
Gen 45:1-5 Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood by him; and he cried, Cause every man to go out from me. And there stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his brethren. And he wept aloud: and the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh heard. And Joseph said unto his brethren, I am Joseph; doth my father yet live? And his brethren could not answer him; for they were troubled at his presence. And Joseph said unto his brethren, Come near to me, I pray you. And they came near. And he said, I am Joseph your brother, whom ye sold into Egypt. Now therefore be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves, that ye sold me hither: for God did send me before you to preserve life.
The 1st time Yeshua came they did not recognize Him but when Judah repents He will reveal Himself to His brethren. How can the church help? Get Yeshua out of His Egyptian clothing we've kept Him in so they can recognize Him!! Pray for the redemption of Israel!
SUKKOT / FEAST OF TABERNACLES
Lev 23:39-42a Also in the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days: on the first day shall be a sabbath, and on the eighth day shall be a sabbath. And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God seven days. And ye shall keep it a feast unto the LORD seven days in the year. It shall be a statute forever in your generations: ye shall celebrate it in the seventh month. Ye shall dwell in booths seven days;
God has always wanted to "tabernacle" among us from the very beginning as we see in these verses:
Ex 25:8,9 And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them. According to all that I show thee, after the pattern of the tabernacle,
Jn1:14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us,
The word "dwelt" is actually "tabernacled" and ultimately we see at the end of time in the book of Revelations:
Rev 21:3 And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them,
We also see that this is the goal at the Lord's second coming in the book of Zechariah when He arrives:
Zech 14:4 And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west.
Zech 14: 16 And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the feast of tabernacles.
So we see this Feast is so important to God He demands mankind keep it during His 1,000 yr. reign and then it goes on to say whichever nation refuses they shall be greatly punished.
The purpose for this Feast was for us to realize the earth and this earthen body in particular is not our final home:
2Cor 5:1 For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house
not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.
2Pe 1:14 Knowing that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Yeshua Mashiach hath shewed me.
Heb11:10 For he looked for a city which hath foundations whose builder and maker is God.
It was also known as the: Feast of the Nations
We find it is called this because:
Gen 10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.
This was long before Abraham and yet we find:
Deut 32:8 When the most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.
In Genesis 10 we find there were 70 nations and:
Ex 1:5 all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already.
In Numbers 29 God tells Israel they are to slaughter 70 bulls during the Feast of Tabernacles. Why is this?
Ex 19:6 And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation.
So on Yom Kippur Israel made atonement for themselves as priests so they could then atone for the nations of the world during the Feast of Tabernacles! If the nations had known what God was trying to accomplish they wouldn't have destroyed the temple but placed their armies around it to protect it! Satan is very clever getting the nations to destroy the very tool God was using to make atonement!
Revelations 21:3 And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God.
Genesis 3:24 So He drove the man out; and at the east of the garden of Eden He stationed the cherubim and the flaming sword which turned every direction to guard the way to the tree of life.
Revelation 22:14 - Blessed are those who wash their robes, so that they may have the right to the tree of life, and may enter by the gates into the city.
Another name Feast of Ingathering
Ex 23:16b and the feast of ingathering, which is in the end of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy labours out of the field.
This is the harvest at the end of their agricultural year and is known as the final harvest. Our Thanksgiving holiday is modeled after it. This Feast usually falls in September/ October. This is the fruit harvest particularly grapes.
Now look at what we find:
Rev 14:15b,18b Thrust in thy sickle, and reap: for the time is come for thee to reap; for the harvest of the earth is ripe. Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe. And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God.
This reveals the end time events will happen in the fall during this season just as His 1st coming brought in the Spring Harvest!
We find Yeshua knew the significance of this Feast when He celebrates this Feast in the Gospel of John:
Jn 7:2,37,38 Now the Jews' feast of tabernacles was at hand. In the last day, that great day of the feast, Yeshua stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water.
Why was He declaring this? Because every year at this Feast the Jews would be reciting Isaiah:
Is. 12:26 Behold, God is my salvation; I will trust, and not be afraid: for the LORD JEHOVAH is my strength and my song; he also is become my salvation. Therefore with joy shall ye draw water out of the wells of salvation. And in that day shall ye say, Praise the LORD, call upon his name, declare his doings among the people, make mention that his name is exalted. Sing unto the LORD; for he hath done excellent things: this is known in all the earth. Cry out and shout, thou inhabitant of Zion: for great is the Holy One of Israel in the midst of thee.
Remember every time they said "salvation" they were calling upon His Name "Yeshua" which is the Hebrew translation and there He is, the Holy one of Israel, in their midst! And they are declaring with joy they are drawing water from the wells of Yeshua!!
Did you know the Father even picked the happy birthday songs to be sung over a thousand years before Yeshua's birth and even had Israel practice them as a dress rehearsal every year unbeknownst to them!
Every year at this Feast they would sing Psalm 118 and look what we find there:
Ps 118:14,15 The LORD is my strength and song, and is become my salvation. The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous: the right hand of the LORD doeth valiantly.
"Salvation" is Yeshua in Hebrew!!
We find in Luke 1:3,4 "It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed."
Lk 1:5,8,9 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office before God in the order of his course, According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord.
We find the course of Abijah was the 8th course:
1Chr 24:10 The seventh to Hakkoz, the eighth to Abijah,
Since the religious year began the 1st day of the month Nisan (our April) and each course served one week the 8th course would be the eighth week. That puts it into the first week of June.
Here we find:
Lk 1:10,11 And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the time of incense. And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the right side of the altar of incense.
We see the first week of June is typically the Feast of Pentecost which is why the whole multitude was there!
Lk 1:23,24 And it came to pass, that, as soon as the days of his ministration were accomplished, he departed to his own house. And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived, and hid herself five months,
He not only served His week but had to stay and serve another week for the feast of Pentecost when the multitudes were there. We are now at the end of June when his wife conceives.
Lk 1:26,27 And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary.
So Mary conceives in her 6th month which is the end of December, giving birth 9 months later at the end of September where we find the Feast of Tabernacles!
There would be no shepherds in the fields at night during the winter rains and snow in the mountains. The reason there was no room in the inn was because there were over 2.5 million Jews there from all nations to keep the Feast as God required them. If you were going to conduct a census or tax people wouldn't you do it right after the final harvest when they have the money and they are all coming to one place? Or would you rather send tax collectors or census takers out on camels in the middle of winter to roam the mountains in the snow hoping to find where they might have hidden their assets after they've had 3 months to hide it?
The first Fall Feast is Trumpets, when the tribulation begins. The second Fall Feast is Yom Kippur when Israel as a nation realizes Yeshua is their Salvation and they declare, "Blessed is He who comes in the Name of the Lord!" Then at the final harvest at the end is the Feast of Tabernacles when after Israel as a nation has repented Yeshua returns to earth. His feet land on the Mt of Olives and now all nations must come up to Jerusalem and keep the Feast of Tabernacles. Yeshua then begins His reign on this very day planned out as a Divine Appointment from the beginning of the ages!
A lot of info, but there you go. I know I did not put dashes in G-d and L-rd throughout the text.
