Rent a place in Breckenridge or Vail. Within a 30 minute drive from Breck you have both Keystone courses, the 27 holes in Breck, and The Raven. From Vail you've got the Eagle/Vail course, Beaver Creek Golf Club, the Red Sky courses, and Lakota Canyon just a bit down the road. The Vail area overall is a little more pricey.

If you want a little less traffic and more seclusion you can go with Steamboat Springs. Two very nice golf courses. I believe both with run $150+ on green fees though.

If you want to play a lot of golf you cant go wrong with staying near the two Keystone courses. You can replay them for free on the day you pay a green fee.

If you dont want to go to the mountains, and the Broadmoor is too expensive, you could rent a place or post up at one of the hotels between Downtown and Castle Rock. You could stay at the Hiton Inverness and have access to that course. From there youre within 30 minutes of Arrowhead, Bear Dance, The Ridge at Castle Pines, and Red Hawk Ridge.