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Masturbation is built on a self‑centered view of sex. This wrong attitude says that sex is solely about you and your pleasure. Your body. Your genitals. Your orgasm. This is the natural tendency of sin. It isolates us from others and makes pleasure self‑focused.
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Scripture doesn't specifically name the act of masturbation
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His advice to get married seemed a little simplistic but good nonetheless.
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I hope others won't be too prudish to at least read it.
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The following article was written for this column in 1989 by Archbishop Chrysostomos. A number of readers have asked that it be reprinted, owing to its instructive content and because of the paucity of writing on this important issue by traditional Orthodox thinkers.
I have long hesitated to undertake the task of approaching the intimate problem of human sexuality from an Orthodox point of view. In normal circumstances, this subject is personal, a matter of confessional guidance, and something not to be addressed in mixed company or in a public forum. But the circumstances of the society in which we live are anything but normal. Not only are sexual matters openly discussed in the least appropriate arenas, but a wholesale perversion of the nature of human sexuality reigns in modern society. Clergymen, then, cannot remain silent—even those of us in the monastic ranks.
In addressing various matters of human sexuality, I bring with me into this area of study two things: first, the teachings of the Orthodox Church, to the extent that I understand them after several decades of reading in the Fathers; and second, my background as a psychologist, which includes some years of study and research in the area of psychosexual development. Certainly there may be others better qualified to write on these matters, but the necessities which I feel as a pastor of the flock prompt me to speak out in a time of need, putting aside my admitted limitations in knowledge and expertise.
One troublesome problem that pastors and Church counsellors confront these days is that of self-pollution (or masturbation), a problem which one Church Father in particular, St. Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain, has considered at length. His comments and the teachings of the Church have been largely hidden under the cover of modern theories which pastors have unfortunately gleaned from heterodox (and even un-Christian) sources. Moreover, the natural embarrassment that a pious Christian feels in discussing a matter such as this has served to allow misunderstanding and wrong teachings to proliferate, such that Churchmen have become remiss in teaching young people the true position of the Church with regard to this very serious matter.
Sexuality is part of our fallen nature. It is evil only to the extent that we misuse it—misuse that most certainly begins with the curiosity that young people develop at the age of puberty. At the age of sexual self-discovery, the problem of self-pollution is, whether we like to admit it or not, a rather universal one. Pastors have always realized this and have exercised care to deal with adolescents who fall to this sin with patience and careful guidance. With time, these youngsters can be led to understand its nature, to put an end to it before it becomes a habit, and to understand that the sexual urge, like any other, is subject to control.
While normal, healthy instances of adolescent purity do exist (despite the prevailing attitude that this is abnormal), the practice of self-pollution often does become more or less habitual through the younger years. Self-control is not something easily achieved by young people in the confused, first few years of sexual maturity. This is an unfortunate fact, but a fact; and here, again, we must guide young people with understanding and patience. But our guidance must focus on the fact that this activity is wrong, must be corrected, and certainly is not a matter of what today's social mors call "natural instincts." Habits cannot be overcome if we believe them to good or innocent. We must know that they are bad and detrimental, before we are prompted to control them. And it is this important perspective that the Church must restore. Self-pollution is not, as many Orthodox pastors today claim, a small matter or something incidental. It is a sin, and a serious one when it is habitual.
St. Nicodemos calls this sin a snare and points out that, according to other Fathers, those who are caught in its net have great difficulty extricating themselves and thus imperil their souls. (See Pedalion, Athens, 1982, pp. 704-705.) Indeed, the eighth canon of St. John the Faster assigns to a layman who falls to this sin, in addition to exclusion from Holy Communion, one hundred prostrations daily for forty days, along with a diet of nothing but bread and water. St. John's tenth Canon imposes a suspension of one year on any Priest who falls to self-abuse and, should he continue in such a sin two or three times, deposition. Moreover, St. Paul's famous and unequivocal statement in I Corinthians 6:9-10, that those who practice sodomy and who are "effeminate" cannot inherit "the kingdom of God," St. Nicodemos observes, can also be interpreted to apply to those who practice self-abuse: a sin which "damages" the soul (ibid.).
Aside from attributing to self-pollution various negative physical effects, St. Nicodemos rightly stresses that this sin opens the mind and soul to demonic influence. It is a path to self-seduction and the complete distortion of the meaning of human sexuality and, of course, the pure image to which the human being seeks to be restored in the spiritual life.
There are today few physicians who would attribute to self-abuse the negative physical effects mentioned by the Fathers of the Church. However, this is not on the basis of careful research, but stems from their acceptance of prevailing theories. The Fathers based their observations on data from pious physicians who carefully monitored their patient's moral lives and the consequent effects on their physical health. Such things are not done today. Therefore, the observations upon which the Fathers base their conclusions are often called into question. Nonetheless, the Fathers base themselves on empirical data, modern physicians on untested theory. Moreover, there is ample support by inference for what the Fathers and what Christian physicians in the past so firmly believed.
Today we know that there is a close link between the mind and the body and that, to be sure, the Fathers were correct in linking the health of the body to that of the soul. Therefore, while we may not have contemporary empirical studies to support the claims of the Fathers with regard to the negative effects of self-abuse, we can certainly affirm that the theory upon which they based their views—that one's moral life, a matter of the mind and soul, has consequences for the physical health of the organism—is valid. Furthermore, those of us trained in more traditional psychology are perfectly aware that masturbation has profound effects on the psyche and, thus, ultimately on the physical body. (Even Freud, whose revolutionary view of human sexuality is at times less than healthy and edifying, advised his daughter and other patients to avoid self-abuse.)
Self-abuse has two very serious psychological effects. Firstly, it focuses human sexuality away from the interpersonal dimension and thus distorts its natural goal: procreation—which in turn involves two people, a man and a woman. In so doing, it individualizes human sexuality and turns one entirely to himself. This narcissism can be unhealthy for the psyche, leading to selfishness, a lack of concern for others, and, in fact, sexual dysfunction. And to the extent that this practice focuses one on the self, it is perfectly possible that it leads one to the abnormality of fixation on those of them same sex. This in turn can lead to homosexuality. Thus, it is perhaps no accident that, at a time when society and even clergymen teach that self-abuse is normal, homosexuality (or bisexuality) is at least more open, if not more prevalent in the human population.
The other negative consequence of self-abuse is that it fosters delusions and fantasy. Human sexuality is bridled. Sexual passions are, indeed, quite quickly satisfied (for which reason they are reasonably easily controlled). Thus, whatever the fantasy one may have, in actuality sexual behavior is bounded on all sides by physical limits. Moreover, normal sexuality, involving both a man and woman, also rests on the personal, loving relationship of two people, which tends to transform passionate fantasy into a form of intimacy and into a union which is both decent and capable of sanctification (within the bonds of the Mystery of marriage). When the reality of an interpersonal relationship is absent, fantasy allows one to do whatever he wishes. And this acting-out, should it ever become real, can lead to poor and even violent relationships.
A mind which is turned in on itself, an individual who can live within the world of the passions without taking into account the reality of interaction with others, will ultimately come to a state of serious imbalance. And this imbalance will not only affect his or her physical health, as we have suggested, but will invite the action of negative psychic powers: demons. An individual who lives in proper harmony with those around him and who either controls the sexual impulse or expresses it in a marital context is healthy. His health keeps him watchful against evil and helps him develop as an individual and as a Christian. One who lacks such balance, whose mind has been twisted by the tyranny of the passions, is prey to things demonic. And so it is, of course, that the Fathers speak of self-abuse as a demonic ruse.
Absolute sexual purity is the result of mental health. It is normal. Sexual indulgence is abnormal. This is what we must stress to our young people. If the imbalance that accompanies adolescence leads to certain falls, young people must be guided away from these falls. They must know that sexual health actually resides in a life of absolute purity (ruling out self-abuse, of course) or marriage, in which the passions are modified by a Mystery of the Church and, at the same time, by the natural uprightness that accompanies physical acts carried out in an atmosphere of mutual love and respect. Self-abuse is not normal, but abnormal. And if great guilt attaches to it, this is not the result of the Church calling this sin abnormal; rather, it is the result of that which naturally proceeds forth from something which perverts the mind, body, and soul. It is as natural as the guilt which one feels at taking another life, whether intentionally or not, and helps us to understand the serious abnormality of what is today called an "unimportant and natural thing."
Bishop [now Archbishop] Chrysostomos
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Paul D. O’Callaghan writes in the Journal of Christian Bioethics,
Consideration of the divine design and purpose of sex immediately reveals why homosex, adultery, fornication, prostitution, masturbation, and all other forms of sex outside of marriage are morally deviant. In none of these acts can the true realization of oneness in communion occur, because they are outside the God-established marital union, violations of it, or fundamentally disordered. All of these are true of homosexuality. Since the unitive drive for the experience of union is realized in the conjuntio oppositorum, the desire of man and woman to recreate their original oneness in Adam, it is clear that the desire for union with the same sex is a disordered passion. Something is very wrong when a male seeks to complete himself by union with another male. This is why the Apostle Paul argues that homosexuality is “against nature” (see Rom. 1:26-27). It is not just that the particular genital acts are ill fitted, unusual, and abhorrent. It is the fact that the very nature of the homosexual drive is at odds with how God created us as human beings, in His image, as male and female.
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Pre-marital sex is gravely sinful because the sexual act is one of total communion of mind, body and spirit between two people within the Mystery of Matrimony. Sex, according to the Orthodox Christian tradition, the tradition of the Bible and the Fathers, is not just about "getting physical." It is also about "getting spiritual!" Masturbation is gravely sinful because one's sexuality is turned in on oneself within a spirit of self-centred egotism and abuse. Rather, sexuality is intended by God to be a shared experience of give and take for the dual purpose of procreation and mutually deepening of one's relationship to one's spouse. Masturbation is dangerous to one's sexuality since it can damage this sense of self-giving and focus on the other. How many times do we hear people say, "I'm not getting anything out of this relationship etc."
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But in the Tradition there is no concept of economia blessing sexual a ctivity outside of the sacramental commitment of matrimony. In her more than three thousand years of existence (in Christian Tradition the Christian Church is understood to be the continuation of the Old Testament Church) non-marital sexual activity has been consistently experienced as potentially destructive behavior, giving birth not only to undesired infants, but also to mistaken beliefs, unhealthy situations, and profound personal tragedy...This traditional Christian view finds an echo in some research documents. In them, secular clinicians report evidence of direct links between a "harmless" practice like habitual masturbation, and a variety of later problems. For that reason they consider masturbation to be much more problematic than clinicians commonly assume. Viewing the practice in terms of behavioral psychology, they suggest that masturbation can easily produce a negative example of Pavlovian conditioning in which the intense gratification derived from masturbation is paired with very harmful fantasies. Among the resulting problems they cite cases of confusion about sexual orientation, rape tendencies, and much more commonly, the inability to relate to another person sexually. Masturbation has also been identified on occasion as a "gateway drug." Many adolescents compulsively use it as if it were a drug, thereby gaining perceived benefits which they later discover are more abundantly supplied by much more powerful actual drugs.
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Sexuality is part of our fallen nature.
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"No, I did not read it".
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I realized I haven't "officially" welcomed this handle back, along with your stated mission:
"We are destroying speculations and every lofty thing raised up against the knowledge of God, and we are taking every thought captive to the obedience of Christ, 2 Cor 10:5." It's good to see your heart for missions; I wonder if there aren't some giants around to be slayed as well.
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While I understand Orhpan's hesitancy to address this subject (as an issue of sexuality, it is intended to be a personal private matter, even in issues of illness), I think that the recent threads on divorce and sexual frustration in marriage here evidence in microcosm the state of our society where sex is profaned and brought out into the open, so it must be addressed in the open as well. Not the least of the resulting problems is that it has become part of pop-psychology to suggest that masturbation is a "normal" part of development.
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I thought I might also add some thoughts from the Orthodox perspective. I think it is very telling that our term(s) for this sin mirror so closely the title of this thread: self-love, self-abuse, self-pollution. In every case the root is a misplaced sense of self.
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Then don't post it. Besides that, have I a msiconception that this is an open forum? Or are you now the lord of the manor?
david
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Several weeks ago, while listening to recordings of a recent seminar on Contemporary Christian Music, I came across an exchange that I found quite disturbing. The speaker was underscoring the "utter worldliness" of the CCM scene by relating an experience he had at a Christian Music Festival. He noted that he had captured a young woman on film, probably in her late teens, wearing nothing but white shorts and a bikini top, moving in rhythm to the music. Around her neck was an identification badge, held by a thin whistle strap. The following words were printed on the strap:
"What would Jesus do?"
In relating the story, the speaker did not hesitate to provide the answer:
"The Jesus I know would search for the largest tarp he could find to cover her, and then rebuke her."
I found that answer quite troubling, especially coming from someone who has professed to know the GRACE of God in Jesus Christ for many years. It certainly does not reflect our Lord's character as revealed to us in the Gospel accounts — the ones we can read and examine for ourselves. Rather, it seems more a reflection of the cultural Jesus that has found its home in many conservative, fundamentalist, and Reformed traditions. I find it quite sad . . . and ugly.
I seem to remember reading in John's Gospel where some "godly" men, zealous to defend God's holy law, had caught a woman — not merely dressed in an immodest fashion, but — in the very act of having sexual intercourse with a man who was not her husband (see John 8). You recall how our Lord responded . . . rebuking her? No. Unlike this self-righteous speaker, our Lord was full of grace AND truth. He took the opportunity to — lovingly and truthfully — provide something more instructive. It was the woman's accusers who were the brunt of Jesus' rebuke. We can learn from this.
Today's youth culture displays a level of promiscuity and immodesty that is quite shocking to those of us who are older. Unlike my own generation, there are very few restraints. My wife and I see this on a daily basis, having a constant stream of teens in and out of our home. Many have at least some superficial attachment to a "youth ministry" somewhere in our community — often just to fill the void of a non-existent family life. Few, if any, can seriously be called "Christians" — their WWJD bracelets, T-Shirts (et al.) not-withstanding. What they need is direction, teaching, modeling, honesty, compassion . . . and love.
Not rebuke.
Particularly, self-righteous rebuke.
Our God has been gracious to us. Some in my own generation seem to have forgotten that. Those of us who are older need to take these promiscuous, immodest young people into our homes — into our hearts and lives, really — and teach them. Christians have a responsibility to provide a straightforward, positive and BIBLICAL vision of marital intimacy —sexuality — to put along side the prohibitory passages of the Bible that seem to receive the bulk of our attention. It isn't enough to "just say no" — we need to provide this sex-obsessed younger generation with honest answers to honest questions.
We need to TALK about sex. Not just point fingers. And believe me . . . you'll be surprised how many will listen. And they will watch us, noting our example. And, by the grace of God, they will learn . . . and come to know the one who is the giver of such a great gift.
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In what way do you all think about how masterbation relates to nocturnal emissions (aka, wet dreams)? I've heard wet dreams are the body's way of getting rid of semen, and it is a natural thing for it to occur every so often.
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There's a real, physiological component to all this that shouldn't be ignored. A guy's body produces semen that at some point has to be released. This is why a male who doesn't masturbate will have wet dreams where semen is released during sleep.
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Well, congratulate me on being an idiot, I should have looked that up before I started posting about it.
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Masturbation is built on a self‑centered view of sex. This wrong attitude says that sex is solely about you and your pleasure. Your body. Your genitals. Your orgasm. This is the natural tendency of sin. It isolates us from others and makes pleasure self‑focused. When our lustful desires are given free rein, sex is pushed into a corner and made a completely self‑centered, isolated experience that reinforces a self‑centered view of life.